Liver Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
Most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma develop in a liver that has been damaged over many years. Understanding the causes and risk factors can help with prevention and with deciding who should be screened regularly.
Major Risk Factors
- Chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C — the most important viral causes of liver cancer.
- Cirrhosis — scarring from any cause greatly increases risk.
- Heavy alcohol use — a leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer.
- Fatty liver disease (NAFLD / NASH) — increasingly common with rising rates of obesity and diabetes.
Additional Contributing Factors
- Type 2 diabetes and obesity
- Inherited conditions such as hemochromatosis (iron overload)
- Long-term exposure to aflatoxins (toxins from mold on improperly stored grains and nuts)
- Tobacco use
Lowering Your Risk
Steps that can reduce liver cancer risk include getting vaccinated against hepatitis B, getting tested and treated for hepatitis B and C, limiting alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight, managing diabetes, and following recommended liver cancer surveillance if you have chronic liver disease.
This page is for general education and is not medical advice. Talk with your doctor about your personal risk and screening.
Frequently Asked Questions
What causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)?
HCC most often develops in livers already damaged by cirrhosis. Common underlying causes include chronic hepatitis B or C infection, heavy alcohol use, and fatty liver disease. This information is educational — talk to your doctor about your situation.
What are the main risk factors for liver cancer?
Key risk factors include cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B or C, heavy alcohol use, fatty liver disease, and exposure to aflatoxins. Hepatitis B can sometimes lead to liver cancer even without cirrhosis.
Can liver cancer be prevented?
Not all cases can be prevented, but you may lower your risk by preventing or treating hepatitis B and C, limiting alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight, and getting recommended screening if you are at higher risk. Talk to your doctor about your personal risk.
Who should be screened for liver cancer?
People at higher risk — such as those with cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis B — may benefit from regular screening. Your doctor can advise whether screening is appropriate for you.
